Photograph
by Franck
Goddio/Hilti
Foundation/Christoph
Gerigk
1,200
tahun yang lalu bandar Mesir kuno Heracleion hilang di bawah Mediterranean.
Ditubuhkan sekitar SM abad ke-8, dan sebelum permulaan Alexandria dalam 331 SM,
ia dipercayai Heracleion berkhidmat sebagai pelabuhan wajib masuk ke Mesir
untuk semua kapal yang datang dari DUNIA Yunani.
Sebelum
penemuan pada tahun 2000 oleh ahli arkeologi Franck Goddio dan IEASM (Institut
Eropah untuk Arkeologi Bawah), tiada kesan Thonis-Heracleion telah ditemui
(bandar itu diketahui orang Yunani sebagai Thonis). Namanya yang hampir hangus
dari memori manusia, hanya dipelihara dalam teks klasik kuno dan tulisan yang
jarang ditemui di atas tanah oleh ahli arkeologi.
1,200
years ago the ancient Egyptian city of Heracleion disappeared beneath the
Mediterranean. Founded around 8th century BC, well before the foundation of
Alexandria in 331 BC, it is believed Heracleion served as the obligatory port
of entry to Egypt for all ships coming from the Greek world.
Prior
to its discovery in 2000 by archaeologist Franck Goddio and the IEASM (European
Institute for Underwater Archaeology), no trace of Thonis-Heracleion had
been found (the city was known to the Greeks as Thonis). Its name was
almost razed from the memory of mankind, only preserved in ancient classic
texts and rare inscriptions found on land by archaeologists.
Heracleion:
Lost Egyptian City Found . . .
Photograph
by Franck
Goddio/Hilti Foundation/Christoph Gerigk
Photograph
by Franck
Goddio/Hilti Foundation/Christoph Gerigk
The Discovery
Dengan pendekatan yang unik berasaskan kajian menggunakan
peralatan canggih teknikal, Franck Goddio dan pasukannya dari IEASM yang dapat
mengesan, peta dan menggali bahagian bandar Thonis-Heracleion, yang terletak
6.5 kilometer di luar pantai hari ini kira-kira 150 kaki di bawah air. Bandar
ini terletak dalam kawasan penyelidikan keseluruhannya 11 sebanyak 15 kilometer
di bahagian barat Aboukir Bay. (Source)
With
his unique survey-based approach utilising sophisticated technical
equipment, Franck
Goddio and his team from the IEASM were able to locate, map and
excavate parts of the city of Thonis-Heracleion, which lies 6.5 kilometres off
today’s coastline about 150 feet underwater. The city is located within an
overall research area of 11 by 15 kilometres in the western part of Aboukir
Bay. (Source)
Penemuan setakat ini termasuk (Findings
to date include):
- Peninggalan lebih daripada 64 kapal dikebumikan di
tanah liat dan pasir tebal yang meliputi dasar laut (The remains of
more than 64 ships buried in the thick clay and sand that covers the sea
bed)
- Syiling emas dan berat yang diperbuat daripada gangsa dan batu (Gold coins and weights made from bronze and stone)
- 16 kaki patung Gergasi bersama-sama dengan
beratus-ratus patung yang lebih kecil daripada tuhan-tuhan kecil (Giant 16-ft
statues along with hundreds of smaller statues of minor gods)
- Papak batu tertulis dalam purba kedua-dua Yunani dan Mesir purba (Slabs of stone inscribed in both ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian)
- Puluhan kecil kapur sarcophagi dipercayai telah
sekali terkandung haiwan mumia (Dozens of small
limestone sarcophagi believed to have once contained mummified animals)
- Lebih 700 penunjuk purba bagi kapal-kapal (Over 700 ancient anchors for ships)
Photograph by Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation/Christoph Gerigk
Photograph by Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation/Christoph Gerigk
Photograph by Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation/Christoph Gerigk
Apa Disebabkan tenggelamnya ini?
Kajian menunjukkan bahawa tapak itu telah dipengaruhi oleh
fenomena geologi dan bencana. Pergerakan perlahan penenggelaman tanah yang
terjejas ini sebahagian daripada lembah selatan-timur Mediterranean.
Peningkatan paras laut juga menyumbang kepada daratan yang tenggelam. IEASM
yang dibuat pemerhatian geologi yang membawa fenomena ini kepada cahaya dengan
menemui kesan seismik dalam bidang geologi asas. (Source)
What Caused the
Submergence?
Research
suggests that the site was affected by geological and cataclysmic phenomena.
The slow movement of subsidence of the soil affected this part of the
south-eastern basin of the Mediterranean. The rise in sea level also
contributed significantly to the submergence of the land. The IEASM made
geological observations that brought these phenomena to light by discovering
seismic effects in the underlying geology. (Source)
Analysis
of the site also suggests liquefaction of the soil. These localized phenomena
can be triggered by the action of great pressure on soil with a high clay and
water content. The pressure from large buildings, combined with an overload of
weight due to an unusually high flood or a tidal wave, can dramatically
compress the soil and force the expulsion of water contained within the
structure of the clay. The clay quickly loses volume, which creates sudden
subsidence. An earthquake can also cause such a phenomenon. These factors,
whether occurring together or independently, may have caused significant
destruction and explain the submergence of Thonis-Heracleion.
Photograph by Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation/Christoph Gerigk
Photograph by Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation/Christoph Gerigk
Franck Goddio adalah perintis arkeologi maritim moden. Selepas
menamatkan pengajian dari École Nationale de la Statistique et de l'Pentadbiran
Economique di Paris, Franck Goddio dijalankan misi kaunseling ekonomi dan
kewangan di Laos, Vietnam dan Kemboja untuk Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu, dan kemudian
untuk Kementerian Luar Perancis.
Pada awal tahun 1980-an beliau memutuskan untuk berbakti dirinya
sepenuhnya kepada semangat - arkeologi bawah air - dan mengasaskan Institut Européen d’Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM), yang mana beliau adalah Presiden.
Goddio telah dimulakan dan diarahkan beberapa penggalian bangkai kapal termasuk
7 jung dari abad ke-11-16, 2 galleons Sepanyol dan 2 kapal perdagangan di Timur
British India Company.
Projek Goddio yang paling bercita-cita tinggi itu dijalankan di
luar pantai Mesir, di pelabuhan timur purba Alexandria dan di Teluk Aboukir
(30km timur Alexandria). Dengan kerjasama Majlis Mesir Tertinggi Antikuiti
kawasan yang luas saiz Paris telah dipetakan dan disiasat sejak tahun 1992.
Pada tahun 2000, bandar purba Heracleion dan bahagian-bahagian bandar Canopus
ditemui. Kajian ini berterusan sehingga ke hari ini.
Franck
Goddio is a pioneer of modern maritime archaeology. After graduating
from the École Nationale de la Statistique et de l’Administration Economique in
Paris, Franck Goddio conducted economic and financial counselling missions in
Laos, Vietnam and Cambodia for the United Nations, and later for the French
Foreign Ministry.
In
the early 1980’s he decided to dedicate himself entirely to his passion -
underwater archaeology - and founded the Institut
Européen d’Archéologie Sous-Marine (IEASM), of which he is currently
president. Goddio has initiated and directed a number of excavations on
shipwrecks including seven junks from the 11th-16th century, two Spanish
galleons and two trading vessels of the British East India Company.
Goddio’s
most ambitious project is conducted off the coast of Egypt, in Alexandria’s
ancient eastern harbour and in the Bay of Aboukir (30km east of Alexandria). In
partnership with the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities a vast area the
size of Paris has been mapped and investigated since 1992. In 2000, the ancient
city of Heracleion and parts of the city of Canopus were discovered. The
research is on-going to this date.
Excavation
projects directed by Goddio have a strictly non-commercial purpose and his work
is always carried out in cooperation with the national authorities in whose
territorial waters the exploration is taking place. The excavation work is
founded on legal provisions that regulate underwater excavations and on
international archaeological standards (UNESCO Convention on the Protection of
Underwater Cultural Heritage).
Article Sources:
Top
image: Computer model of Heracleion. Photo: ©Franck Goddio/Hilti
Foundation/Christoph Gerigk (via Huffington
Post).
(Post
Source: Twisted
Sifter. Edited. Top image added).
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