Presiden Amerika Syarikat, Barack Obama (dariTengah)
menimbulkan dengan Pemimpin Perkongsian Trans- Pasifik di Hale Koa Hotel semasa
Sidang Kemuncak APEC di Honolulu, Hawaii, 12 November, 2011. (Reuters/Larry
Downing – think IN pictures @1WORLD Community)
JohnnyAdam – Koperasi
syarikat top global, yang menghabiskan jumlah yang besar wang tunai untuk
melobi Kongres, juga sebahagian daripada kumpulan kecil di Amerika Syarikat di
luar pentadbiran Obama yang boleh mengakses rancangan bekerja pada kontroversi perjanjian
perdagangan Trans- Pacific Partnership ini.
Menurut
data yang dianalisis oleh kerajaan ketelusan peguam bela MapLight, ahli-ahli
semasa Kongres menerima kira-kira US $ 24 juta dalam 10 tahun yang lalu
daripada organisasi yang diwakili di atas papan industri eksklusif, yang dicipta
dan dikendalikan oleh Kongres.
Board
ini mempunyai akses di dalam - seperti tidak diberikan kepada ahli-ahli Kongres,
‘much less the public’ - kepada rundingan yang sangat berahsia perjanjian
Perkongsian Trans-Pasifik, yang menjanjikan untuk memberikan peserta industri
berkuasa lebih pengaruh ke atas hak-hak perdagangan global.
Amerika
Syarikat kini dalam rundingan dengan negara-negara lain 11 Pacific Rim menge-nai
perjanjian perdagangan menguntungkan ini dikenali sebagai theTrans - Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), yang bertujuan untuk meliberalisasikan perdagangan di
kalangan signees.
Antara
isu-isu perbalahan dalam TPP ialah perjanjian itu menetapkan (stipulates) kuasa baru untuk
multinasional yang akan membolehkan mereka untuk mencabar undang-undang negara
di antarabangsa yang dikendalikan secara persendirian.
Washington
telah disahkan kuasa itu dalam tawaran perdagangan sebelumnya seperti
Perjanjian Perdagangan Bebas Amerika Utara (NAFTA), tetapi keadaan dalam TPP
dapat memberikan lebih kuasa multinasional untuk mencabar lebih luas undang-undang.
Di bawah
NAFTA beberapa syarikat termasuk Dow Chemicals dan Exxon Mobil telah berusaha
untuk membatalkan peraturan-peraturan mengenai ‘fracking’, penggerudian minyak,
dan paten (patents) dadah.
“Amerika
Syarikat, seperti dalam pusingan sebelumnya, tidak menunjukkan sebarang fleksibiliti
mengenai cadangannya, menjadi salah satu daripada halangan yang paling penting
untuk menutup bab ini,” kata seorang memo dari satu negara-negara yang
mengambil bahagian yang diperolehi oleh Huffington Post.
Akhirnya,
perjanjian tersebut akan memberikan entiti korporat pengaruh yang lebih banyak
lebih perdagangan, meningkatkan “firma asing individu untuk status yang sama
dengan negara-negara berdaulat,” hak pengguna bela Warga Awam berkata di laman
webnya.
Setakat
ini dalam rundingan pelbagai tahun TPP, sekumpulan kecil orang mempunyai akses
terbuka kepada dokumen kerja yang terlibat dalam pelbagai bahagian perjanjian
perdagangan ini.
Sebaliknya,
ahli-ahli Kongres Amerika Syarikat, sebagai contoh, mesti melawat pejabat-pejabat
Wakil Perdagangan Amerika Syarikat untuk mengkaji semula peruntukan. Mereka
tidak dibenarkan untuk membawa sesiapa sahaja dengan mereka, dan mereka tidak
boleh membuat salinan mana-mana dokumen berkaitan dengan perjanjian kerja.
Namun
selain daripada orang-orang dalam pentadbiran Obama, hanya ahli-ahli sistem
penasihat Amerika Syarikat Wakil Perdagangan, termasuk 18 anggota Jawatankuasa
Pena-sihat Perdagangan Industri pada Hak Harta Intelek (ITAC -15), boleh secara
bebas meng-akses dokumen rundingan TPP mengenai harta intelek .
Ahli-ahli
ITAC -15 termasuk wakil-wakil dari syarikat-syarikat seperti GE, Cisco Systems,
Yahoo, Verizon, AT & T, dan Johnson & Johnson, dan entiti seperti Persatuan
Persatuan Industri Recording Amerika, Penyelidikan Farmasi dan Pengilang
Amerika, dan Pertubu-han Industri Bioteknologi.
Yang
ITAC -15 tidak termasuk organisasi sokongan awam, ahli akademik atau mana-mana
pakar yang bukan industri.
Sistem
nasihat perdagangan industri telah diwujudkan dan dianggotai oleh ahli-ahli Kongres.
Malah, ITAC -15 terdiri daripada beberapa berbelanja politik atas yang telah
menawarkan berjuta-juta dolar kepada ahli-ahli Kongres berpengaruh pada
tahun-tahun kebelakangan ini, data menunjukkan anjuran MapLight.
MapLight
mendapati bahawa - dari 1 Jan 2003 untuk 31 Disember 2012 - 18 organisasi yang
mempunyai wakil di ITAC-15 memberikan hampir $ 24 Juta untuk ahli-ahli semasa
Kongres dalam tempoh masa itu melalui jawatankuasa tindakan politik, antara
cara lain yang dikehendaki secara sah didedahkan.
AT &
T telah diberikan lebih daripada $ 8 Juta kepada ahli-ahli semasa Kongres,
lebih daripada yang lain ITAC-15 entiti.
Republikan
House Speaker John Boehner telah diberikan $ 433,350 dari ITAC -15 organisasi,
lebih daripada mana-mana individu lain di Kongres.
Kongres
Demokrat telah mendapat $ 11.4 Juta dari organisasi manakala Republikan telah menerima $ 12.6 Juta.
Sebilangan
kecil ahli Kongres menyokong undang-undang yang akan memberi pentad-biran Obama
lebih kuasa ke atas proses kongres meluluskan TPP - sekatan pindaan kepada
perjanjian itu, sebagai contoh - telah menerima sebanyak $ 758,295 dari kumpulan
ITAC -15.
Ahli-ahli
termasuk: Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Kewangan Senat Max Baucus ($ 140,601), Senat
Kewangan Kedudukan Ahli Orrin Hatch ($ 178,850), Pengerusi House Cara dan Bermakna
Jawatankuasa David Camp ($ 216,250), Cara House dan Bermakna Jawatan-kuasa Kecil
Pengerusi Perdagangan Devin Nunes ($ 86,000), dan Pengerusi Jawatankuasa Kaedah-Kaedah
House Pete Sesyen ($ 136,594).
Sementara
itu, satu laporan baru dikeluarkan minggu ini menunjukkan bahawa
syarikat-syarikat Amerika Syarikat membelanjakan $ 185 Juta pada tahun 2012
sahaja melalui kumpulan bukan keuntungan yang tidak perlu undang-undang untuk
mendedahkan sama ada sumber pembiayaan atau bagaimana mereka membelanjakan wang
itu.
“Kedudukan
di kalangan penderma terbesar adalah tenaga gergasi Exelon Corp, syarikat Insurans
kesihatan WellPoint Inc dan teknologi titan Microsoft Corp,” kata Pusat
Integriti Awam di penemuannya.
“Berjuta-juta
dolar dalam perbelanjaan korporat yang diketengahkan oleh Pusat penyeli-dikan
Integriti Awam mengalir kepada lebih 1,000 bukan keuntungan aktif dalam
politik, daripada persatuan-persatuan perdagangan utama seperti Dewan
Perdagangan Amerika Syarikat untuk pakatan pro-perniagaan seperti Betulkan
Gabungan Hutang.”
INDUSTRY POWERS with access to TPP plans
lavish MONEY
On Congress . . .
Operatives
of top global corporations, which spend great amounts of cash to lobby
Congress, are also part of a small group in the US outside the Obama
administration that can access working plans on the controversial Trans-Pacific
Partnership trade pact.
According
to data analyzed by government transparency advocate MapLight, current members
of Congress received around US$24 million in the last ten years from
organizations represented on an exclusive industry board, created and staffed
by Congress.
This board has inside access - such as not even granted to members
of Congress, much less the public - to the highly-secretive negotiations of the
Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement, which promises to give powerful industry
players more clout over global trade rights.
The United
States is currently in negotiations with 11 other Pacific Rim nations on the
lucrative trade pact known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), which aims to
liberalize trade among the signees.
Among the contentious issues in the TPP is
that the agreement stipulates new powers for multinationals that would allow
them to challenge country laws in privately run international courts. Washington has endorsed such powers in previous trade deals such as the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), but conditions in the TPP could grant
multinational more powers to challenge a wider range of laws. Under NAFTA
several companies including Dow Chemicals and Exxon Mobil have sought to
overrule regulations on fracking, oil drilling, and drug patents.
“The
United States, as in previous rounds, has shown no flexibility on its proposal,
being one of the most significant barriers to closing the chapter,” said a memo
from one of the participating countries obtained by the Huffington Post.
Ultimately,
the pact would give corporate entities much more influence over commerce,
elevating “individual foreign firms to equal status with sovereign nations,”
consumer rights advocate Public Citizen says on its website.
Thus far
in the multi-year negotiations of TPP, a small cadre of people have had open
access to the working documents involved in the various sections of the trade
pact. On the contrary, members of the US Congress, for example, must visit the
offices of the United States Trade Representative to review the provisions.
They are not allowed to bring anyone with them, nor can they make copies of any
documents pertaining to the working agreement.
Yet
aside from those in the Obama administration, only members of the United States
Trade Representative’s advisory system, including the 18-member Industry Trade
Advisory Committee on Intellectual Property Rights (ITAC-15), can freely access
TPP negotiation documents on intellectual property.
Members
of the ITAC-15 include representatives from companies like GE, Cisco Systems,
Yahoo, Verizon, AT&T, and Johnson & Johnson, and entities such as the
Recording Industry Association of America, Pharmaceutical Research and
Manufacturers of America, and the Biotechnology Industry Organization.
The
ITAC-15 does not include public advocacy organizations, academics or any
non-industry experts.
The
industry trade advisory system was created and staffed by members of Congress.
In fact, the ITAC-15 is made up of several top political spenders that have
offered millions of dollars to influential Congress members in recent years,
data organized by MapLight shows.
MapLight
found that - from Jan. 1, 2003 to Dec. 31, 2012 - the 18 organizations that
have representatives on the ITAC-15 gave almost $24 million to current members
of Congress in that time period via political action committees, among other
avenues that are legally required to be disclosed.
AT&T
has given over $8 million to current members of Congress, more than any other
ITAC-15 entities.
Republican
House Speaker John Boehner has been given $433,350 from ITAC-15 organizations,
more than any other individual in Congress.
Congressional
Democrats have gotten $11.4 million from the organizations, while Republicans
have received $12.6 million.
A
handful of Congress members sponsoring legislation that would give the Obama
administration more power over the congressional process of approving TPP -
barring amendments to the pact, for example - have received a total of $758,295
from the ITAC-15 groups.
These members include: Senate Finance Committee Chair
Max Baucus ($140,601), Senate Finance Ranking Member Orrin Hatch ($178,850),
House Ways and Means Committee Chairman David Camp ($216,250), House Ways and Means
Subcommittee on Trade Chairman Devin Nunes ($86,000), and House Rules Committee
Chairman Pete Sessions ($136,594).
Meanwhile,
a new report released this week showed that US corporations spent $185 million
in 2012 alone via nonprofit groups that are not legally required to divulge
either their sources of funding or how they spend that money.
“Ranking
among the biggest donors are energy giant Exelon Corp., health insurer
WellPoint Inc. and technology titan Microsoft Corp.,” the Center for Public
Integrity said in its findings.
“The
millions of dollars in corporate expenditures highlighted by the Center for
Public Integrity’s research flowed to more than 1,000 politically active
nonprofits, from major trade associations such as the U.S. Chamber of Commerce
to pro-business alliances such as the Fix the Debt Coalition.”
READ MORE: http://on.rt.com/9lk49o
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